DNA Genes Repair
September 9, 2009

(Abstract)

Biomarkers are a "tool" for accurate and timely diagnosis, for effective prognosis and treatment of patients with certain diseases. In 2001, the top health body in country standardized the definition of a biomarker as a characteristic that can be objectively measured and evaluated as an indicator of a normal biological process, a pathological process or a pharmacological response to the applied therapy and defined the types of biomarkers: type 0-prognostic marker, type 1-marker of biological activity (response to therapy) and type 2-surrogate marker predicting therapeutic efficacy.

The term biomarker in medicine usually refers to a protein measured in the blood whose concentration indicates the normal or pathological response of the organism, as well as the pharmacological response to the applied therapy. Broadly speaking, a biomarker is any indicator that is used as an indicator of the intensity of a disease or other physiological state in the body. It can be measured in a blood, urine or tissue sample, it can be obtained directly from the person (blood pressure, EKG or Holter) or it can be obtained by imaging (echocardiogram or CT scan).


Biomarkers are divided into:

• antecedent biomarkers that indicate the risk of developing the disease

• "screening" biomarkers that determine the subclinical form of the disease

• diagnostic biomarkers that detect an existing disease

• "staging" biomarkers that define the stage and severity of the disease

• prognostic biomarkers that predict the course of the disease and the response to the applied therapy


Biomarkers provide important information for the clinical evaluation of patients with suspected cancer and in the hands of an experienced oncologist or hematologist can be a powerful weapon.

In short, biomarkers are very important in precision medicine, because they help the patient receive the right therapy at the right time.


Zdenko Kos, MSc MEc BScEcon(Hons) MBA

SWISS MEDICAL JOURNAL 2009

Does the SARS-Cov-19 Virus Exist

By Z KOS MSc MEc BScEcon Hons MBA • January 6, 2020
(Abstract) Epidemiologists and virus disease specialists cannot decide whether Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) exists or not. After the discovery of this virus in Wuhan, China in 2019 (Covid-19), epidemiologists and specialists in viral diseases from all over the world could not agree on why actually happened. In the research that we were worked on, we primarily separated asymptomatic people from symptomatic at the very beginning. Tests have shown that certain people remain asymptomatic despite the fact that they were infected. Their relative number and effect in the pandemic itself were uncertain. We analysed the available evidence on asymptomatic SARS-CoV infection. Tests have shown that approximately half (40%-48%; % varies according to the number of asymptomatic persons tested) of asymptomatic persons transmit the virus to others, where again the period was relative (minimum 3-5 days in other cases 10-14 days and with a very small % for more than 14 days). The different number of the days for the infection varies with the age group. Asymptomatic infection is associated with subclinical lung abnormalities detected by tomography in certain individuals. Due to the high risk of silent spread in asymptomatic persons, it was necessary to carry out tests including persons without symptoms only. In 87% test we find out that people who were exposed to vaccination for Covid-19, was in past exposed to other vaccination (eg. flue jab), and different sorts of medications (eg. tablets) where in all or majority vaccinations and medication there was different % of aluminium (in 69% day-to-day vaccinations and medications is at list a trace of aluminium). Aluminium is a cellular receiver and amplifier of high-frequency electromagnetic waves. This radiation destroys the pineal gland in children and destroys the human immune system and blocks the utilization of oxygen at the cellular level. The result, patient in intensive care, gasping for breath, in imminent need of artificial ventilation. This is the deadly face of severe acute respiratory syndrome. Zdenko Kos, MSc MEc BScEcon(Hons) MBA

Increase the risk of Cancer

By Z KOS MSc MEc BScEcon Hons MBA • December 20, 2015
(Abstract) The research has shown and it is inevitable that people whose initial cancer was associated with certain environmental factors or lifestyle issues, such as exposure to harmful substances at work or at home (eg. asbestos), smoking, excessive sun exposure, poor diet, or drug abuse, could be at risk for future cancers of the same or different type. In many cases, such risks can be reduced by adopting healthier habits or reducing or eliminating exposure to substances that triggered the first cancer. Examples include quitting smoking and avoiding sunburn. Genetics Age is one of several factors beyond an individual’s control that can influence the risk of a second cancer. One of these is genetics. People who inherit genetic mutations or other abnormalities can be at risk for a variety of different types of cancer. Individuals with a mutation in the BRCA1 or BRCA2 genes, for example, have a heightened risk of cancers of the ovaries and fallopian tubes in women, breast, prostate (in men), and pancreas. Such individuals remain at elevated risk for these cancers even if they’ve undergone treatment for one of them. In some cases, patients can take steps to reduce their chances of developing a second cancer. A woman with a BRCA gene mutation who develops breast cancer may have the option of having her breasts and ovaries surgically removed to lower her risk of future breast or ovarian cancer. Chemotherapy and Radiation Therapies as Chemo or Radio used to treat cancer at first cancer can also raise the risk of other malignancies. Chemotherapy of all kinds and Radiotherapy work by damaging DNA in tumour cells, causing them to die. But such damage can occur in normal cells as well, potentially putting them on a path toward cancer. Reduced intensity Regimens As physicians have gained experience with different types of therapy, they’ve often been able to develop reduced-intensity regimens that effectively kill cancer cells but produce fewer long-term risks. This is particularly true in the field of childhood cancer. Screenings For many survivors, especially those whose treatment or genetics may place them at higher risk of a second cancer, physicians may suggest more frequent screenings to detect any such cancers at the earliest, most treatable stages. Patients should talk with their physician about which strategy makes the most sense for them. Zdenko Kos, MSc MEc BScEcon(Hons) MBA
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